Because I have an iconoclastic side to my personality, I sometimes find myself taking playful swipes at currently accepted dogma. Outside of certain religious ideologies, evolution is one of the most dogmatically held belief systems of our current age, so I can’t resist proposing an alternative theory. I’m not saying I think the following is what’s going on, but I would be curious to know if anyone reading this can come up with a well-reasoned argument that would demonstrate this to be impossible. In the meantime, for anyone who likes having their minds torqued out of their usual ways of viewing reality: play around with this concept and see if it might make some kind of crazy sense.
I admit, looking at evolution in the following way is not easy or natural for most of us, since we are so deeply embedded in our conceptions of time, but I think it’s always valuable to try to look at data in many different ways and from many different angles to keep our minds supple and open. Most of the conflicting discussions involving evolution have pitted Darwinists against Creationists, and the popular media has contributed to the misconception that these are the only possible conceptual options when trying to make sense of the relationships between organisms we observe around us, including ourselves. But maybe it’s time to consider totally new concepts. I mean, it is the 21st century, after all.
Okay. Currently, many physicists and cosmologists believe that outside our dimension (and other time-space dimensions), all time is simultaneous. Our perception of time as a linear sequence of events is the result of our physical status as residents of a time-space dimension and the structure and function of our neurological systems. As observers, we bring particular probabilities out of the realm of infinite probabilities and into physical existence by directing our attention to these probabilities. Rather than our consciousness beginning at our birth, accompanying us through our chronological lives, and then evaporating at our death, our consciousness may be an entity that is continually created in the present, with built-in pasts and probable futures stretching away from this present focus in practically infinite directions.
The current popular concept of evolution as continuous progress toward greater biological complexity and diversity is rooted in the concept of and belief in linear time, as well as, unfortunately, a certain amount of biological narcissism. Humans like to think that we are the apex of evolution and that other, less biologically sophisticated creatures are charming (or not-so-charming!) examples of nature warming up and practicing for our appearance and development. In addition, there is the concurrent belief in increasing diversity: that life started with little complexity so that only bacteria and algae occupied the planet for millennia, whereas now we have many different phyla from single-celled organisms to flowering plants, socially complex arthropods, and neurologically complex vertebrates.
Yet, as numerous evolutionary biologists have pointed out, there is no evidence of smooth and continuous progress. No evolutionary “line” exists; at best, we can envision evolutionary development as a tree with numerous branches and twigs. In addition, the fossil record shows that the greatest explosion of diversity took place in Cambrian times, and the most plentiful and successful organisms currently existing in the biosphere are still the microbes. The adaptation that has been observed since Darwin first presented his theories has been local adaptation, not global, and it has taken place on the level of small selective advantages, not on any macro scale.
Many complex organs and behaviors defy current evolutionary explanations of development. Intermediate organs and behaviors usually confer no selective advantage, and as biochemist Michael J. Behe has pointed out in his thought-provoking book, Darwin’s Black Box, the molecular complexity necessary for any particular system to evolve is so vast and intrinsically interconnected that it is difficult to imagine that natural selection as it is currently conceived could actually work to produce the successful species that occupy the biosphere today. Behe uses five examples in order to illustrate his point that certain systems whose hallmark is irreducible complexity (i.e., if one component of the system is nonfunctioning, the entire system doesn’t function) are very difficult, if not nearly impossible, to explain using random mutation coupled with natural selection: microtubules, the blood clotting system, protein synthesis and intracelluar transport, the antibody system, and the creation of the energy molecule AMP. I can’t possibly reproduce his elegant and complex arguments in the space of this blog, so if you’re interested, you should read Behe’s very controversial (but to me, exceedingly logical and thoughtful) book.
Finally, so many gaps and missing links exist in trying to fit the biological and fossil data into Darwinian theory that the Creationist camp has taken this as proof that an all-knowing and all-powerful God has specifically and personally designed each and every creature. But just for the fun of it, let’s consider a different explanation.
Perhaps every organism that exists in our present is a probability that can exist under the conditions of our point in space and time. Organisms that would not function well under our current physical, climatic and ecologic conditions do not exist. Only those probable expressions and groupings of genes, molecules, organs, and behavioral strategies that are viable become physical residents here and now. Organisms that are more remote probabilities, but not impossible under our conditions, exist in our experience as fossils or extinct species. Under different conditions and at a different time, dinosaurs (or extinct anaerobic bacteria or trilobites, etc.) were more probable than we were, so they existed then and there, while we did not. Other organisms, such as creatures with nonfunctioning “intermediate” eyes, beavers who can’t build successful dams, or the famous “missing link” between other hominids and humans, are not very probable (i.e., potentially successful as functioning organisms) under any circumstances and therefore, have no physical presence in this dimension at any time. This may explain why there are gaps and missing links in the fossil record. These “links” would never represent a successful organism and therefore, would not be expressed physically.
The evolutionary relationships that we see existing between similar species could be an imposition of our beliefs and conceptualizations upon these organisms. Instead, they may represent similar versus distant probabilities—probable creatures that can survive successfully with any number of slight variations in the basic structure (such as Darwin’s famous finches, with their myriad variations), while other probabilities are less similar, with workable structures that are vastly different from one another (such as the marvelously anachronistic horseshoe crab). Rather than organisms evolving from one another, those that exist at any one time might represent a continuum of all the probable species that are viable under those present conditions, with gaps occurring in nonviable areas.
When we observe the presence of a system or class of molecules in a wide range of organisms, including ones that we think of as “primitive” or biologically simple, we take this as evidence of this system being “conserved” vertically in evolution over millions or billions of years. Looking at it another way, however, this conservation could be a much more lateral one: evidence of an excellent, desirable, workable design throughout the biological kingdom under our present physical conditions. An example of this would be the endorphin receptors and ligands, which have been discovered not only in vast numbers of cells in the human body, but throughout the animal kingdom, including invertebrates. Like chemistry, biology has basic working units that could be viewed as analogous to atoms and molecules, such as membranes, chromosomes, microtubules, etc. Rather than mitochondria and chloroplasts being symbiotic or opportunistic bacteria that “invaded” cells or other bacteria (though I must say, this theory is delightfully ingenious), they might instead represent one of these workable units. The mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria represent the same level of biological organization. A eukaryotic cell would be one more step “up” in the gestalt of biological organization.
So … think about it. See if you can wrap your mind around a theory of evolution that would be congruent with modern physics rather than rooted in 19th century “natural” sciences (before the science of molecular biology was developed, before the current mechanisms of genetics were discovered, and before quantum mechanics and other modern physics theories were conceived) and see what happens. Your brain might turn inside out, but then again, it might not :). I welcome any and all alternative theories. Science, to me, is something alive, vital, and continually adapting to new information and theories, not something moribund to be defended tenaciously according to our prejudices and previously held beliefs.
Above: We’re starting to get those fabulous sunrises again!